- The key drivers, restraints, & opportunities and their detailed impact analysis are explained in the study.
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Because of health risks, France banned titanium dioxide as a food additive in 2020. Two years later the European Union also banned titanium dioxide as a food additive.
They are the only two sunscreen ingredients classified by the FDA as safe and effective. And though titanium dioxide is usually used in mineral sunscreens in the form of nanoparticles, evidence suggests that few, if any, particles penetrate the skin.
Titanium dioxide makes products, like toothpaste, white and bright. It's also used in makeup, sunscreen, plastic, and paint. (Photo Credit: iStock/Getty Images)
The author thanks Marco Leona, Scientist-in-Charge of the Department of Scientific Research at the Metropolitan Museum of Art for conducting fluorescence spectrometry on Wheel of Fortune and a valuable discussion of the research, as well as Silvia Centeno, Research Scientist at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, who performed Raman analysis on the watercolors and also contributed her insight. The phenomenon of the phosphorescing lithopone was originally discovered during the author's fellowship in the Sherman Fairchild Center for the Conservation of Works on Paper, funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. The author thanks all her colleagues for their ideas and support during the research of this paper, and special thanks to Rachel Mustalish for her assistance in editing this work.

Titanium Dioxide Raw Material Tio2 Powder
Organ accumulation
Application:
1. Due to its rheological and optical properties, Lithopone offers technical and economic advantages wherever organic and inorganic resin systems need to be relatively highly pigmented for specific applications. Lithopone has therefore traditionally been used in putties, mastics, jointing and sealing compounds, primers, undercoats and marking paints. In powder coatings it is possible to replace TiO2 partially, very economically.
2. The low Mohs' hardness of Lithopone leads to low abrasiveness in comparison with TiO2.
3. Lithopone 30 % (= 30% zinc sulfide share) is proven to be of particular use as a TiO2 Substitute in thermoplastic masterbatches. Even at very high pigment loadings it disperses easily. A masterbatch containing 50 % TiO2 and 25 % Lithopone 30 % DS has the same hiding power as one containing 60 %TiO2. Cost savings are strongly related to the price ratio of Lithopone and TiO2 and the price of for example polyethylene or polypropylene.
4. The Lithopone batch has a much higher extrusion rate too. Furthermore the impact strength of many thermoplastics such as PP and ABS can be noticeably improved by using Lithopone as a TiO2 substitute. Generally spoken, Lithopone can be used at loadings up to 80 % by weight without causing polymer breakdown
Barium sulphate is typically described as a white, odorless powder. This white coloration is due to its crystalline structure and the arrangement of Ba^2+ and SO₄^2− ions within the compound. The brightness and consistency of this white powder are crucial for its use in various applications. For instance, in the pharmaceutical industry, barium sulphate is used as a radiopaque agent in X-ray imaging of the gastrointestinal tract. In this context, its purity and the absence of color impurities are vital for ensuring accurate imaging results.

On the other hand, Westerhoff said, there are hundreds of studies showing no adverse effects from the substance.


Promotion of noncancerous tumors
TiO2 NPs appeared to be more toxic to nematode Caenorhabditis elegans than submicron-sized TiO2. At a concentration of 1 mg/l, 7 nm particles affected its fertility and survival rate and were more toxic than 20 nm anatase particles. Similarly, Hu et al. showed that rutile particles (10–20 nm), at concentrations above 1 g/kg soil, can be bio-accumulated in earthworms, where they induce oxidative stress, inhibit the activity of cellulase and induce DNA and mitochondrial damage.
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In 2021, the European Food Safety Authority concluded that titanium dioxide is no longer safe in foods due to the same concerns over nanoparticles. As a result, titanium dioxide is now banned as a food additive in the EU. Although studies have shown that the absorption of ingested titanium dioxide is low, evidence suggests that titanium dioxide nanoparticles can accumulate in the body over time. Health Canada deemed it safe in 2022 but noted concerns. Unlike their European counterparts, Canadian officials did not consider studies performed with titanium dioxide nanoparticles alone.